Environmentally sustainable policies in the petroleum sector through the lens of industry 4.0. Russians Lukoil and Gazprom: The COVID-19 crisis of 2020 vs sanctions crisis of 2022

The incomplete resource efficiency of oil and gas (O&G) companies in their imperfect corporate reporting is a relatively new topic gathering researchers' attention because of the increased importance of environmental concerns. The main aim of this article is to aid researchers in understanding the overall trends and shifts in exploring a novel sustainable development method for O&G companies and evaluating it using the example of Lukoil and Gazprom. The study uses a trend analysis method to examine the dynamics of Brent prices to recognise causal connections between the COVID-19 crisis of 2020 and the sanctions crisis of 2022 and their impact on O&G companies' sustainability. Subsequently, the article conducts a quantitative and qualitative study to combine qualitative information on pandemic models with quantitative dynamics of Brent prices and identify their relationship. This article develops a sustainable development method for O&G companies, the novel nature of which consists of digital intellectual monitoring of the sustainability of these companies in public policy practices on Industry 4.0. The article also suggests potential research directions for AI applications to automatically track intelligent data analytic capabilities. The significant findings of this study show that this approach allows for total market coverage and rational decision-making by state regulators and the attentive public. This new method offers a proprietary algorithm and recommendations for energy companies on improving corporate accounting and development of resources policy, assessed using the example of Lukoil and Gazprom.

Corporate Social Responsibility Amid Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Crisis: BRICS vs. OECD Countries.

This paper compares today's corporate management in developing markets (BRICS countries) vs. developed markets (the OECD countries). The influence of determining a new social corporate management season considering social distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic on emerging markets' economic growth is ascertained and set apart from corporate management in developing markets. This paper helps clarifying and better understanding the role of corporate social responsibility in the conditions of an economic crisis against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. This work provides scientific arguments that allow solving critical discussions regarding the advantages (growth of quality of life, an increase of business's competitiveness) and costs (limitation of economic growth, non-commercial use of profit, and increased price for goods and services) of domestic production and consumption. In the long-term, responsible financial practices return all investments and allow countries to better cope with a crisis. The research supplies a new view of corporate social responsibility as a measure of crisis management. It reflects its advantages at a time of social distancing in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The institutionalization of corporate social responsibility in emerging countries is not predetermined by internal factors (approach to doing business or organizational culture), if not by external factors (market status, state regulation, and consumer awareness). These circumstances prove the high complexity of strengthening corporate social responsibility in developing countries. In the conditions of social distancing - due to the COVID-19 pandemic - corporate social responsibility goes to a new level. In both developing and developed countries, one of the most widespread manifestations of corporate social responsibility is the entrepreneurship's transition to the remote form of activities. This envisages the provision of remote employment for workers and the online purchase of goods and services for consumers.